中臣氏と並んで神事・祭祀をつかさどった中央豪族.
天岩戸で活躍した布刀玉命[天太玉命]を祖とする.天照大御神が岩戸を少し開けたとき,天児屋命とともに鏡を差し出したのが布刀玉命.布刀玉命の子孫は忌部氏となり,天児屋命の子孫は中臣氏となった.
但し,布刀玉命に従った五神のうち,天日鷲命が阿波忌部氏,手置帆負命が讃岐忌部氏,彦狭知命が紀伊忌部氏の祖となったと伝承する.
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